[ comparison effect of CD-ROM and demonstration method of measuring of vital signs skills in nursing students]

Development of clinical skills for nursing students is a critical component of nursing education programs. CD-ROM is as a valuable teaching and learning strategies in theory learning but more research is needed in practical courses. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of two educational methods demonstration and CD-ROM showing on the measure vital signs skills of nursing. This research was before and after experimental study. The sample was consists of 70students. Nursing students to be selected purposeful and then randomly assigned to two groups.The intervention was a group demonstration and a group showing CD-ROM about vital sing measurement. Data were collected via questionnaire and rating scale consisting of vital sing. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software 16 versions. The results showed the average score in CD 66.88 +/- 5.60 and in demonstration 62.66 +/- 8.41, temperatures score in CD 85.44 +/- 15.73 and in demonstration 81.94 +/- 13.50, respiratory assessment score in CD 15.44 +/- 1.61 and in demonstration 13.22 +/- 2.58, score of blood pressure in CD 45.22 +/- 4.165 and demonstration 44.19 +/- 4.14 and vital signs in CD 212.98 +/- 27.1 and in demonstration 203.01 +/- 28.63, which was significant difference T=23.45, P=0.05. Using of compact disc is improving the skills of measuring vital sign in nursing student. Therefore, computer-assisted instruction can be implemented with other teaching methods such as demonstration or this should be used an independent method to meet educational goals in Practical training courses such as measuring vital sign

Trauma ocular por explosão acidental de disco compacto / Ocular trauma due to accidental compact disc outburst

Apesar de rara, a ocorrência de lesão ocular devido à explosão acidental de disco compacto pode ser responsável por graves lesões no globo ocular. No presente artigo é relatado caso de perfuração corneana com trauma cristaliniano causado pela quebra intencional de disco compacto. Trata-se de paciente com 44 anos, sexo feminino, médica, avaliada em caráter de urgência com queixas de BAV, fotofobia, lacrimejamento e sensação de corpo estranho no OD, iniciados após presenciar quebra intencional de disco compacto. Apresentava perfuração corneana central, com sinal de Seidel positivo e lesão de cápsula anterior do cristalino com opacificação cortical anterior subjacente. A AV corrigida no OD era de 0,1. Tratada com lente de contato hidrofílica terapêutica e instilações tópicas regulares de solução antibiótica e hipotensora ocular, evoluiu com cicatrização da lesão corneana e estabilização da opacidade do cristalino. Decorridos 24 meses do trauma, sua refração encontrava-se semelhante aos valores prévios ao acidente e a acuidade visual era de 1,0 (-1).

Despite being rare, ocular injury due to a compact disc burst can be responsible for severe ocular damage. We present in this article a case of corneal perforation in addition to lens trauma caused by intentional compact disc break. A 44 year old female physician was examined complaining of visual acuity decrease, light sensitivity, tearing and foreign body sensation on OD after watching a compact disc being broken intentionally. In the first examination, she had a corneal perforation with aqueous humor leakage, anterior lens capsule lesion and anterior cortical opacity. The visual acuity was 0.1. She was treated with a therapeutic soft contact lens and the regular use of topical antibiotic and hypotension solutions, evolving with the healing of the corneal injury and lens opacity stabilization. Twenty four months later, the OD refraction was similar to that measured before the trauma and the visual acuity was 1.0 (-1).

Strabismus surgery learning for Ophthalmology residents of university service / Aprendizado cirúrgico de estrabismo para residentes de Oftalmologia de serviço universitário

PURPOSE: To verify Ophthalmology resident's and supervisor's perceptions regarding learning and teaching strabismus surgery. DESIGN: Descriptive Study. METHODS: Subjects: 1st and 2nd year residents. Each resident studied the standard strabismus surgery technique on a CD-ROM, then performed a rabbit rectus muscle recession and a strabismus surgery on a patient. A structured questionnaire was handed to the residents, and the authors made observations including variables referring to the surgical technique applied, self-evaluation of this technique and if appropriate training was given. RESULTS: Thirty-eight questionnaires were analysed. All 1st year residents (R1) had had some difficulty remembering the surgery sequence and 69.6% of 2nd year residents (R2). Concerning the surgical material handling, 93.3% of R1 and 52.2% of R2 had had any difficulty. The residents reported that during the surgery in humans, 50% remembered the experimental stage and that this training completely fulfilled their needs for 47% and partially for other 47%. CONCLUSION: Experimental surgery, more practice opportunities and resident's supervision may improve the teaching of strabismus surgery.

OBJETIVO: Verificar percepções do residente de Oftalmologia e do supervisor em relação ao método de ensino e ao aprendizado cirúrgico de estrabismo. DESENHO: Estudo descritivo. MÉTODOS: Participantes: residentes do 1º (R1) e 2º (R2) ano. Cada residente estudou a técnica cirúrgica padrão em CD-ROM, então, realizou um retrocesso de músculo reto de coelho albino, e em sequência, cirurgia de correção de estrabismo em pacientes. Foi aplicado questionário estruturado aos residentes, e registradas observações do aprendizado pelo supervisor, incluindo-se variáveis referentes à aplicação da técnica cirúrgica de estrabismo, autoavaliação do domínio da técnica e do treinamento recebido. RESULTADOS: Foram estudados 38 questionários. Todos R1 relataram ter pouca ou média dificuldade em relação à lembrança da sequência de passos do procedimento e 69,6% dos R2. No manuseio do instrumental 93,3% dos R1 relataram algum grau de dificuldade e 52,2% dos R2. Os residentes relatam que no momento cirúrgico lembram do que foi ensinado na fase experimental (50%), e que este treinamento atende totalmente suas necessidades para 47% dos residentes e em parte para outros 47%. CONCLUSÃO: Cirurgia experimental, mais oportunidades práticas e supervisão dos residentes pode aprimorar o ensinamento cirúrgico de estrabismo.

Development of a CD-ROM on written language for the continuing education of elementary school teachers

Distance education has emerged to minimize the anxiety of many professionals who need to update their knowledge, but do not have the time and opportunity to travel to educational centers. Objectives: To describe the development of a CD-ROM to provide distance continuing education to basic school teachers that addresses issues related to written language. Material and Methods: Previously, a script was developed with themes related to the acquisition and development of written language. Subsequently, a technical team transformed the texts in multimedia language. Results: The titles of each content area addressed are available on buttons and links. The files can be viewed in a linear sequence, allowing the teacher to start learning at the desired moment and go straight to the file that he or she wants to access. Videos that show practical applications of the concepts available in text are included. Conclusions: Brazil is a developing country. The use of technologies for education reduces cultural isolation among education professionals. It is necessary to focus on making teaching materials for distance education. In order to provide an effective learning environment, the learners reality should be considered. A multidisciplinary team should prepare the materials. The development of educational material for distance education on the acquisition and development of written language seems not only appropriate, but also warranted to provide professional growth opportunity for teachers who need time flexibility and/or live far away from academic centers.

Development of an educational software for the learningof obstetric anatomy addressed to nursing

Computational technology, such as software, computer program, has been a great tool for the Teaching-Learning process, mainly in Health Sciences. The aim of this study was to develop software (didactic CD‑ROM)on the Learning process of Obstetric Anatomy for Nursing by means of a judicious choice (Portuguese andEnglish languages) of 107 anatomical keywords related to the Obstetrics and sites related to the theme.This CD-ROM (Macromedia Dreamweaver® a computational tool), addressed to the Learning of ObstetricAnatomy for Nursing, could provide logical apprehension of obstetric anatomical terms from didactic texts,images and sites from Web. The educational software development favors an interaction between experts ofHuman Anatomy, Pedagogy and Computer Science. Computing tools applied to Health Sciences are useful topromote knowledge on virtual environments and to complement the Learning of Obstetric Anatomy.

Recursos de informática na terapia fonoaudiológica de crianças do espectro autístico / Computerized resources in language therapy with children of the autistic spectrum

TEMA: uso da tecnologia de informática na terapia de linguagem com crianças do espectro autístico. OBJETIVO: verificar a interferência do uso de computadores e programas específicos na terapia fonoaudiológica de crianças autistas em seu perfil comunicativo e desempenho sócio-cognitivo. MÉTODO: 23 crianças entre 3 e 12 anos foram filmadas individualmente, antes e depois de um bloco de dez sessões com o uso de jogos de informática, em situações regulares de terapia fonoaudiológica, brincando com diversos tipos de jogos, à sua escolha, com a terapeuta, totalizando duas filmagens de cada criança. RESULTADOS: as seguintes características foram descritas pelas terapeutas para as situações com o uso do computador: mais atento, mais iniciativas de comunicação, mais contato ocular, mais interativo, mais verbalizações, mais pedidos de informação e de ação. Foi possível identificar progressos qualitativos e quantitativos, embora sem significância estatística. Esses progressos foram observados num período de tempo mais curto do que o usualmente utilizado para esse tipo de comparação, e esse parece um resultado promissor. CONCLUSÃO: não foi possível realizar comparações ou associações mais controladas, pois os grupos estudados foram muito heterogêneos, o que dificulta conclusões mais consistentes. Ficou evidente que os sujeitos apresentaram reações diferentes à proposta de utilização dos recursos de informática durante a terapia fonoaudiológica.

BACKGROUND: the use of computerized technology in language therapy with children of the autistic spectrum. AIM: to assess the interference of using computers and specific programs during language therapy in the functional communicative profile and socio-cognitive performance of children of the autistic spectrum. METHOD: 23 children with ages ranging between 3 and 12 years were individually video recorded prior to and after a set of 10 regular language therapy sessions (i.e. a total of two video samples per subject) using computerized games according to the child's choice. RESULTS: the following expressions were used by the therapists to describe the children's performance during the use of computers: more attentive, more communicative initiatives, more eye contact, more interactive, more verbalizations, more attention and more action requests. Qualitative and quantitative progresses were identified, although without statistical significance. Those progresses were observed after a time period that is smaller than the usually applied to this kind of comparison and it seems to be a promising result. CONCLUSION: more controlled associations and comparisons were not possible due to the groups' heterogeneity and therefore more consistent conclusions are not possible. It was clear that the subjects presented different reactions to the use of computerized resources during language therapy.

Analysis of Nursing Dissertations and Theses on Mental Health, Brazil, 1979-2007 / Análise das dissertações e teses de enfermagem sobre saúde mental, Brasil, 1979-2007 / Análisis de las disertaciones y tesis de enfermería sobre salud mental, Brasil, 1979-2007

This bibliographic study analyzes scientific texts published in the CEPEn database in the mental health field (1979-2007). A total of 280 abstracts were investigated, of which 208 were Master’s theses. The individuals investigated in these studies were professionals (57), patients (50), and professors and/or students (18). Among the themes addressed between 2000 and 2007 were the following: Nursing Care in Mental Health (40), Perception in Mental Health (37); and Transversality in Mental Health Care (27). This study provided an overview of the scientific research produced in the mental health field in Brazilian nursing graduate programs. We expect this study to elicit reflections concerning mental health care practice and enable new approaches for nursing promoting health and the prevention of diseases in order to enable patients to recover their citizenship, autonomy and quality of life.

Trata-se de estudo bibliográfico, com o objetivo de analisar os textos científicos, divulgados na base de dados CEPEn, na área de saúde mental (1979-2007). O total de resumos estudados foi 280, dos quais 208 constituíam-se de dissertações de mestrado. Os sujeitos que se destacaram foram os profissionais (57) e pacientes (50). Dentre as temáticas abordadas evidenciaram-se (2000-2007): o cuidado de enfermagem em saúde mental (40) e a percepção em saúde mental (37). Este trabalho possibilitou visualização panorâmica acerca da produção científica em saúde mental nos cursos de pós-graduação em enfermagem, no Brasil. Espera-se, aqui, que o estudo suscite reflexões acerca das práticas de cuidado em saúde mental e possibilite novas abordagens em enfermagem, com vistas à promoção da saúde e prevenção de agravos que favoreçam a cidadania, autonomia e qualidade de vida dos sujeitos envolvidos.

Se trata de un estudio bibliográfico, con el objetivo de analizar los textos científicos divulgados en la base de datos CEPEn en el área de salud mental (1979-2007). El total de resúmenes estudiados fueron 280, de los cuales 208 eran disertaciones de maestría. Los sujetos que se destacaron fueron los profesionales (57) y pacientes (50). Entre las temáticas abordadas se evidenciaron (2000-2007): el Cuidado de Enfermería en Salud Mental (40) y la Percepción en Salud Mental (37). Este trabajo posibilitó obtener una visión panorámica sobre la producción científica en salud mental en los cursos de Posgraduación en Enfermería en Brasil. Esperamos que el estudio incentive la reflexión sobre las prácticas de cuidado en salud mental y posibilite nuevos abordajes en enfermería con el objetivo de promover la salud y prevenir daños, de forma a favorecer la ciudadanía, la autonomía y la calidad de vida de los sujetos envueltos.

Comparison between two tomographic sections in the diagnosis of external root resorption

OBJECTIVES: To assess the accuracy of coronal and sagittal CT sections to detect cavities simulating root resorption. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 60 mandibular incisors were embedded in plaster bases, and cavities with 0.6, 1.2 or 1.8 mm in diameter and 0.3, 0.6 or 0.9 mm in depth (small, medium and large cavities) were drilled on the buccal surfaces with high-speed round burs with diameters of 0.6, 1.2 and 1.8 mm to simulate external inflammatory root resorption. Simulations in the cervical, middle and apical thirds of each tooth root were made randomly. The Dental Scan software was used to obtain 1-mm-thick axial images from direct scanning, which were reconstructed in the coronal and sagittal planes using 3D software (Syngo FastView). Each series was loaded into the software. Fourteen images of each tooth were reconstructed in the coronal plane and 14 in the sagittal plane. A total of 1,652 images were obtained for analysis. Series information, tooth number and the plane reconstructed were stored. The images generated were saved on a CD-ROM together with the visualization software (Syngo FastView). Images were analyzed by a previously calibrated blinded, radiologist. Cochran's Q test was conducted separately for each region analyzed followed by pair-wise comparison by the McNemar test (p=0.05). RESULTS: No statistically significant difference (p>0.05) was observed in the diagnosis of simulated resorption between the apical, middle, and coronal thirds. When the axial plane was assessed separately, diagnoses were statistically different (p<0.05) among the three root thirds. The apical third differed significantly (p<0.05) from the cervical and middle thirds. Diagnostic errors were more often observed in the apical third compared to the cervical and middle thirds. Mid-sized cavities revealed no statistically significant differences (p>0.05) between planes, irrespective of the third in which the resorptions were located. CONCLUSION: When tomographic sections are requested for the diagnosis of buccal or lingual external root resorption, sagittal sections afford the best image characterization of the resorption process.

Analysis of Digital Media and Image Delivery System of Human Anatomic Dissection for Medical Students and Clinicians / 체질인류학회지

In the traditional cadaver dissection course, it is hard to demonstrate dissection skills to all the medical students because of limitations such as the high ratio of students to instructors and the lack of facilities. To overcome these limitations, we developed a digital anatomy dissection course. Through this system, it was possible to perform effective instruction of anatomic dissection. This method could provide the appropriate teaching in a short period of time. Furthermore, students can review the dissection course on digital files saved on a CD-ROM. Clinical cadaveric workshops can be provided by this method not only for students but also for continuing medical education for clinicians.

The Virtual Man Project's CD-ROM "Voice Assessment: Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology & Medicine", Vol.1

The CD-ROM "Voice Assessment: Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology & Medicine" was developed as a teaching tool for people interested in the production of the spoken or sung human voice. Its content comprises several subjects concerning the anatomy and physiology of spoken and sung voice. A careful assessment becomes necessary in order to ensure the effectiveness of teaching and learning educational materials, whether related to education or health, within the proposal of education mediated by technology. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the Virtual Man Project's CD-ROM "Voice Assessment: Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology & Medicine", as a self-learning material, in two different populations: Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology students and Lyrical Singing students. The participants were instructed to study the CD-ROM during 1 month and answer two questionnaires: one before and another one after studying the CD-ROM. The quantitative results were compared statistically by the Student's t-test at a significance level of 5 percent. RESULTS: Seventeen out of the 28 students who completed the study, were Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology students, while 11 were Lyrical Singing students (dropout rate of 44 percent). Comparison of the answers to the questionnaires before and after studying the CD-ROM showed a statistically significant increase of the scores for the questionnaire applied after studying the CD-ROM for both Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology and Lyrical Singing students, with p<0.001 and p<0.004, respectively. There was also a statistically significant difference in all topics of this questionnaire for both groups of students. CONCLUSION: The results concerning the evaluation of the Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology and Lyrical Singing students' knowledge before and after learning from the CD-ROM allowed concluding that the participants made significant improvement in their knowledge of the proposed contents after studying the CD-ROM. Based on this, it is assumed that this didactic material is an effective instrument for self-learning of this population.

Evaluación de la Utilización de Materiales Didácticos en los Hospitales del Area Sur del Departamento de Pediatría de la Facultad de Medicina de la UBA / Evaluation of the Use of Teaching Material in the Metropolitan Southern Area of the Department of Pediatrics of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Buenos Aires

Durante la cursada en la UBA, cada unidad entrega material didáctico: un CD con bibliografía y un DVD de semiología en las distintas edades pediátricas. El objetivo fue evaluar la accesibilidad y la utilización de distintos recursos pedagógicos. Se realizó una encuesta a 119 alumnos pertenecientes a los hospitales británico, Garrahan, Churruca, Fiorito, Elizalde, Meléndez de Adrogué y Ramos Mejía, la cual investigaba si el alumno recibía el material y si lo utilizaba. Los resultados se analizaron con técnicas de estadistica descriptiva. El 91 por ciento de los alumnos contestó la encuesta. el 82 por ciento afirmó haber recibido el CD de bibliografía y el 56 por ciento el DVD de semiología. El 83% afirma haber utiizado el material, el 71 por ciento contestó que es útil porque responde al programa y el 66 por ciento porque está actualizado. El 34 por ciento afirmó que los contenidos del CD no se encuentran en otra bibliografía accesible a los alumnos, el 48 por ciento consideró amena su lectura. El 83 por ciento respondio haber visto el DVD, aunque en distintas semanas de la cursada y no necesariamente en la primera como es indicación del Departamento de Pediatría. La gran mayoría de los alumnos utilizó el material y lo considera útil. Los alumnos que no utilizaron el material comentan que usan textos tradicionales, en otros pese a haberlo recibido al comienzo de la sursada no consideraron la consulta del mismo. Sorprende aun más, que en el caso de los DVD de semiología difieran la consulta del mismo al final de la cursada ante la inminencia del examen práctico. Aún queda abierto el debate si la entrega de bibliografía preseleccionada es útil y necesria o es preferible brindar oportunidades para el autoaprendizaje y el estudio independiente

Development and Evaluation of Sanitation Education Media for Restaurant Employers and Employees

Presently, media for sanitation education consisting of a sanitation manual and a CD-ROM intended for restaurant employers and employees was developed and evaluated. The sanitation manual consisted of five principles: prevention of foodborne illness, personal hygiene, control of food production, instrument and equipment cleaning and sanitation, and management of environmental sanitation. The CD-ROM was composed of animations detailed real-life examples of Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, and Norovirus foodborned illness outbreaks; slides summarizing the five principles of the manual; and a poster entitled You can prevent foodborne illness listing and describing the principles. A 15 question evaluation survey was developed to gauge the efficacy of the animations. The survey was divided into five sections on comprehension of the instructions, content organization concerning understanding, content organization concerning the information presented, content organization concerning retention of interest (concentration), and recommendations concerning concentration. Ranked on a 5-point scale the survey produced a mean value of 3.80+/-0.39 and individual scores of 3.92+/-0.45 (learning instruction), 3.86+/-0.48 (understanding), 3.82+/-0.52 (information), 3.75+/-0.49 (concentration), and 3.67+/-0.58 (concentration-recommendation). Overall, evaluation results of the animation were good and easy to understand, with only a few respondents electing to watch the animations more than once. In terms of continuous and recurring education, sanitation training programs should be easy to learn and contain sufficient and specific examples of the importance of sanitation in achieving food safety.

Disseminação de informação sobre dengue: o ergodesign no desenvolvimento e avaliação de material multimídia paraeducação em saúde

A produção e avaliação de tecnologias de informação e comunicação, como CD-ROM educativos e interativos, a partir dos princípios do ergodesign podem servir como instrumentos facilitadores na disseminação da informação e redução de fronteiras entre as áreas de educação e da saúde. Este trabalho se pautou em princípios do ergodesign, com vistas a colaborar para o acesso e disseminação da informação em saúde e auxiliar na aprendizagem interativa para profissionais de saúde de nível superior. Interfaces desenvolvidas sem o atendimento aos requisitos de usabilidade levam a um desempenho deficiente e a uma redução da qualidade da interação do interagente com um aplicativo. Dessa forma, pretendeu-se aumentar o acesso a informações sobre dengue através de Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TICs), aqui caracterizadas pelo desenvolvimento de CD-ROM com interfaces que atendam a critérios de qualidade e adequação do processo interativo ao interagente. Para tal, realizou-se uma pesquisa dividida em quatro etapas: 1) levantamento de material multimídia sobre dengue e doença de Chagas disponível no Brasil e sua avaliação quantitativa (lista de verificação Ergolist) e qualitativa (análise baseada na antropologia. visual); 2) tradução e adaptação do CD-ROM Dengue, produzido originalmente em inglês, pela Wellcome Trust – Publishing Group International Health (PGIH) em colaboração com o UNICEF-UNDP - World Bank-WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR); 3) avaliação da interface do CD-ROM Dengue (versão atualizada em português) com especialistas em ergonomia (avaliação heurística) e com interagentes (entrevistas semi-estruturadas); 4) desenvolvimento de lista de recomendações para desenvolvimento de interfaces similares.

Na interseção entre saúde, educação e o controle e prevenção de doenças infecciosas e parasitárias, consideram-se os conceitos e práticas de ergodesign como elementos fundamentais para geração de interfaces de materiais para aprendizagem interativa em saúde, que reflitam a relação entre interagente, tarefas e ambientes

Disseminação de informação sobre dengue: o ergodesign no desenvolvimento e avaliação de material multimídia paraeducação em saúde / Dissemination of information on dengue: ergodesign in the development and evaluation of multimedia material paraeducação health

A produção e avaliação de tecnologias de informação e comunicação, como CD-ROM educativos e interativos, a partir dos princípios do ergodesign podem servir como instrumentos facilitadores na disseminação da informação e redução de fronteiras entre as áreas de educação e da saúde. Este trabalho se pautou em princípios do ergodesign, com vistas a colaborar para o acesso e disseminação da informação em saúde e auxiliar na aprendizagem interativa para profissionais de saúde de nível superior. Interfaces desenvolvidas sem o atendimento aos requisitos de usabilidade levam a um desempenho deficiente e a uma redução da qualidade da interação do interagente com um aplicativo. Dessa forma, pretendeu-se aumentar o acesso a informações sobre dengue através de Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TICs), aqui caracterizadas pelo desenvolvimento de CD-ROM com interfaces que atendam a critérios de qualidade e adequação do processo interativo ao interagente. Para tal, realizou-se uma pesquisa dividida em quatro etapas: 1) levantamento de material multimídia sobre dengue e doença de Chagas disponível no Brasil e sua avaliação quantitativa (lista de verificação Ergolist) e qualitativa (análise baseada na antropologia. visual); 2) tradução e adaptação do CD-ROM Dengue, produzido originalmente em inglês, pela Wellcome Trust – Publishing Group International Health (PGIH) em colaboração com o UNICEF-UNDP - World Bank-WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR); 3) avaliação da interface do CD-ROM Dengue (versão atualizada em português) com especialistas em ergonomia (avaliação heurística) e com interagentes (entrevistas semi-estruturadas); 4) desenvolvimento de lista de recomendações para desenvolvimento de interfaces similares.

Na interseção entre saúde, educação e o controle e prevenção de doenças infecciosas e parasitárias, consideram-se os conceitos e práticas de ergodesign como elementos fundamentais para geração de interfaces de materiais para aprendizagem interativa em saúde, que reflitam a relação entre interagente, tarefas e ambientes

Simulation of physiology experiments--an alternative to animal use.

Amphibian experiments on nerve-muscle preparation and heart are essential as per first year MBBS practical syllabus, for learning basic concepts in Physiology. Need was felt to design and develop computer based simulation software as an alternative to animal use, due to growing concern and stringent laws imposed by animal ethical bodies. Computer algorithms were developed for 13 amphibian experiments, by manually tracing the graphs obtained through mechanical experimentation and storing the X, Y coordinates for the end points of each line segment as data base tables. By retrieving the data base tables, one for each experiment, the computer simulated graphs were drawn using Visual Basic 6 with timer control and Macromedia Flash for animation effects. A CD-ROM consisting of the software for computer simulation of all the amphibian experiments, as an alternative to the conventional animal experiments, has been developed for the benefit of medical students across the country, as a useful active learning tool.

Composição e avaliação de aplicativo hipermídia como recurso educacional na graduação de Endodontia / Composition and evaluation of applicatory hypermedia as educational resource in Endodontics graduation

Introdução - O computador tornou-se uma necessidade no mundo em que vivemos, e o ensino representado pela universidade, na missão de preparar o aluno para a carreira profissional, sente a responsabilidade de não fechar os olhos para essa realidade. Atualmente, a presença da informática na didática de ensino representa novas configurações e metodologias para a condução do processo de ensino e aprendizado, bem como a difusão das diferentes formas de conhecimentos. No desenvolvimento da computação, a hipermídia retrata com fidelidade, som, texto, imagem e animação. Aplicados em sala de aula esses recursos caracterizam interatividade e interferência na seqüência de apresentações. Frente a esta nova temática, o presente estudo teve como objetivo a introdução de um CD-ROM como coadjuvante no estudo da Endodontia, especificamente a técnica endodôntica, a fim de verificar os benefícios da hipermídia dentro do contexto educacional. Material e Métodos - A hipermídia em formato de CD-ROM foi desenvolvida a partir da coleta de todo material endodôntico, bem como o tratamento das mídias com auxílio de softwares específicos. Possibilitando assim, a realização de um arquivo auto-executável quando inserido no drive do computador, permitindo uma navegação da hipermídia de forma não linear pelo usuário. Resultados- A avaliação do CD-ROM foi realizada com alunos da disciplina de Endodontia onde foi verificada a sua aplicabilidade. Conclusão - Os resultados estatísticos mostraram que o uso da hipermídia pode ser uma ferramenta motivadora no ensino da Endodontia

Multimedia materials for education, training, and advocacy in international health: experiences with the Schistosomiasis Control Initiative CD-ROM

We describe an innovative use of multimedia materials to support training and advocacy within a schistosomiasis control programme. The Schistosomiasis Control Initiative (SCI) at Imperial College London works with selected sub-Saharan African countries to develop schistosomiasis control programmes. Two elements of the SCI programme were supported by multimedia materials developed at the Wellcome Trust in collaboration with the SCI: (1) training of programme managers, district health officers, and those delivering practical elements of the programme; and (2) advocacy targeted at decision-makers and donors. Evaluation of the materials revealed high reported ratings for both user satisfaction and impact from use of the product. From this experience we draw out several general messages about development of multimedia materials and how these will play a growing future role in promoting training within international health.

Development and Application of a Health Belief Model Based Nutrition Education Program for Day Care Center Children / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The purpose of this study was to develop various nutrition education materials, including an animated CD, for day care center children and their teachers and in order to apply the nutrition education programs systematically. We evaluated the effect of the nutrition education programs on nutrition knowledge in the first year, and the effect of the nutrition education programs on nutrition knowledge, food attitudes and eating behaviors in the second year in day care center children. In the first year, nutrition education foundational materials, such as the animated CD-ROM, videotape, textbook, panels, posters, slogans, leaflets, picture disks, hand puppets, stickers for compensation and poster boards were developed. The subjects were 537 children (286 boys, 251 girls) aged four to six years. In the second year, nutrition education materials, such as the animated CD-ROM and textbook were developed. The nutrition education group included 368 children (177 boys, 191 girls) aged four to six years, and the comparison group consisted of 108 children (54 boys, 54 girls). Regarding the nutrition knowledge test results in the first year, the pre-test mean of children was 6.82, however, the post-test mean was 11.35 and showed a significant increase (p < 0.001). Regarding the nutrition knowledge test and the food attitude test results in the second year, the nutrition education group had significantly higher scores than the comparison group in a post-test (p < 0.001). For the eating behavior test results, the post-test means between the comparison group and the nutrition education group were not significant. The test results show that several months of nutrition education is not enough to improve eating behaviors. As a result, nutrition education has improved nutrition knowledge and food attitudes in day care center children but short-term nutrition education was not sufficient to induce a change in eating behaviors. To improve eating behaviors in day care center children, nutrition education programs must be applied to day care center children in addition to their parents and persistent education will have to be continued.

Medicolegal Aspects on Central Venous Catheterization Related Injury / 대한구급학회지

BACKGROUND: We describe the characteristics of malpractice claims related to central venous catheterization and identify causes and potential preventability of such claims. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed by reviewing records at Lawnb and Lx CD-rom. The records on closed malpractice claim related to central venous catheterization were abstracted from the files available for analysis. The records were reviewed and were analysed to determine the factors associated with a successful defense. RESULTS: Twelve closed claim cases, related to central venous cathetertization were reviewed in the data for malpractice. Catheter-related complications were pneumothorax, hemothorax, cardiac tamponade, pyothorax, hematoma due to arterial puncture, pseudoaneurysm. Almost cases resulted in indemnity payment and verdict for patient. CONCLUSIONS: Although malpractice claims related to central venous catheterization were uncommon, they resulted in high rate and amount of indemnity payments. In pediatric patient, catheterization should be performed with attention. Clinicians should consider the underlying disease of patients and do any pretreatment if needed. Post-procedural radiologic confirmation can improve patient outcome and is also associated with decreased indemnity risk. Informed consent is also important.